Kinetic spray coating apparatus

ABSTRACT

An apparatus is disclosed for kinetic spray coating of substrate surfaces by impingement of air or gas entrained powders of small particles in a range up to at least 106 microns accelerated to supersonic velocity in a spray nozzle. Preferably powders of metals, alloys, polymers and mixtures thereof or with semiconductors or ceramics are entrained in unheated air and passed through an injection tube into a larger flow of heated air for mixing and acceleration through a supersonic nozzle for coating of an article by impingement of the yieldable particles. A preferred apparatus includes a high pressure air supply carrying entrained particles exceeding 50 microns through an injection tube into heated air in a mixing chamber for mixing and acceleration in the nozzle. The mixing chamber is supplied with high pressure heated air through a main air passage having an area ratio relative to the injection tube of at least 80/1.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a division of application Ser. No. 09/343,016 filed on Jun. 29,1999, was U.S. Pat. No. 6,139,913, entitled Kinetic Spray Coating MethodAnd Apparatus.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to kinetic spray coating wherein metal and otherpowders entrained in an air flow are accelerated at relatively lowtemperatures below their melting points and coated onto a substrate byimpact.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The art of kinetic spray coating, or cold gas dynamic spray coating, isdiscussed at length in an article by T. H. Van Steenkiste et al.,entitled “Kinetic Spray Coatings”, published in Surface and CoatingsTechnology, Vol. 111, pages 62-71, on Jan. 10, 1999. Extensivebackground and reference to prior patents and publications is given aswell as the current state of the art in this field as summarized by thethirteen listed authors of the referenced article.

The work reported on was conducted with an apparatus developed for theNational Center for Manufacturing Services (NCMS) which improved uponthe prior work and apparatus reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,414Alkhimov et al., issued Apr. 12, 1994. These sources have reported thekinetic spray coating of metals and other materials by gas acceleratedimpact on certain substrates with varying degrees of success using ahigh pressure kinetic spray system with a kinetic spray nozzle basedupon concepts taught by Alkhimov et al. and other sources.

The method involves feeding metallic or other material types in the formof small particles or powder into a high pressure gas flow stream,preferably air, which is then passed through a de Laval type nozzle foracceleration of the gas stream to supersonic flow velocities greaterthan 1000 m/s and coated on the substrate by impingement on its surface.While useful coatings have been made by the methods and apparatusdescribed in the referenced article and in the prior art, the successfulapplication of these methods has been limited to the use of very smallparticles in a range of from about 1 to 50 microns in size. Theproduction and handling of such small particles requires specialequipment for maintaining the smaller powder sizes in enclosed areas andout of the surrounding atmosphere in which workers or other individualsmay be located.

Accordingly, the ability to utilize a kinetic spray coating process forcoating metal and other particles larger than 50 microns would providesignificant benefits.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method and apparatus by which particlesof metals, alloys, polymers and mechanical mixtures of the foregoing andwith ceramics and semiconductors, having particle sizes in excess of 50microns, may be applied to substrates using a kinetic spray coatingmethod.

The present invention utilizes a modification of the kinetic spraynozzle of the NCMS system described in the Van Steenkiste et al.article. This system provides a high pressure air flow that is heated upto as much as 650° C. in order to accelerate the gas in the de Lavalnozzle to a high velocity in the range of 1000 m/s or more. The velocityis as required to accelerate entrained particles sufficiently for impactcoating of the particles against the substrate. The temperatures usedwith the various materials are below that necessary to cause theirmelting or thermal softening so that a change in their metallurgicalcharacteristics is not involved.

In the NCMS apparatus, particles are delivered to the main gas stream ina mixing chamber by means of an unheated high pressure air flow fedthrough a powder feeder injection tube, preferably aligned on the axisof the de Laval nozzle. In a prior apparatus, the diameter of theinjection tube in the similar spray nozzle of Alkhimov et al. had aratio of the main air passage cross-sectional area to powder feederinjection tube cross-sectional area of 5-15/1. The kinetic spray nozzleof the NCMS apparatus, with its higher air pressure system, had a ratioof main air passage diameter to powder feeder injection tube diameter of4/1 and a comparable ratio of main air passage cross-sectional area topowder feeder injection tube cross-sectional area of 17/1. In both ofthese cases, the apparatuses were found to be incapable of applyingcoatings of particles having a particle size in excess of 50 microns.

The present invention has succeeded in increasing the size of particleswhich can be successfully applied by a kinetic spray process toparticles in excess of 100 microns. This has been accomplished bydecreasing the diameter of the powder feeder injection tube from 2.45mm, as used in the spray nozzle of the NCMS apparatus reported in theVan Steenkiste et al. article, to a diameter of 0.89 mm. It has alsobeen found that the deposit efficiency of the larger particles above 50microns is substantially greater than that of the smaller particlesbelow 50 microns.

While the reasons for the improved operation are not entirely clear, itis theorized that reduced air flow through the powder injection tuberesults in less reduction of the temperature of the main gas flowthrough the de Laval nozzle with the result that the larger sizedparticles are accelerated to a higher velocity adequate for theircoating by impact against a substrate, whereas the prior apparatus wereincapable of accelerating larger particles to the required velocity. Itshould be noted that the air flow and particle velocities upon dischargefrom the nozzle vary roughly as the square root of the gas temperature.Also, the fine particles have been found to be more sensitive to straygas flow patterns which can deflect the particles, particularly near thesubstrate, lowering the deposition efficiency. Finally, the fineparticles have a high surface to volume ratio which can lead to moreoxide in the powder and, therefore, in the coating.

In a further development, a still smaller powder feeder injection tubeof 0.508 mm diameter was tested and found also capable of coating largeparticles between 45 and 106 microns. But, it was also found to bedifficult to maintain a uniform feed of large particles through a tubeof such small diameter.

As a result of this invention, it is now recognized that the kineticspray coating of metals and other substances using air entrainedparticles greater than 50 microns and up to in excess of 100 microns maynow be accomplished by proper selection of the characteristics and flowcapabilities of the kinetic spray nozzle and accompanying system. It isexpected that with further development and testing of the apparatus andmethod, the size of particles that may be utilized in coating powdersmay be further increased.

These and other features and advantages of the invention will be morefully understood from the following description of certain exemplaryembodiments of the invention taken together with the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a generally schematic layout illustrating a kinetic spraysystem for performing the method of the present invention; and

FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a kinetic spray nozzleused in the system for mixing spray powder with heated high pressure airand accelerating the mixture to supersonic speeds for impingement uponthe surface of a substrate to be coated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring first to FIG. 1 of the drawings, numeral 10 generallyindicates a kinetic spray system according to the invention. System 10includes an enclosure 12 in which a support table 14 or other supportmeans is located. A mounting panel 16 fixed to the table 14 supports awork holder 18 capable of movement in three dimensions and able tosupport a suitable workpiece formed of a substrate material to becoated. The enclosure 12 includes surrounding walls having at least oneair inlet, not shown, and an air outlet 20 connected by a suitableexhaust conduit 22 to a dust collector, not shown. During coatingoperations, the dust collector continually draws air from the enclosureand collects any dust or particles contained in the exhaust air forsubsequent disposal.

The spray system further includes an air compressor 24 capable ofsupplying air pressure up to 3.4 MPa (500 psi) to a high pressure airballast tank 26. The air tank 26 is connected through a line 28 to botha high pressure powder feeder 30 and a separate air heater 32. The airheater 32 supplies high pressure heated air to a kinetic spray nozzle34. The powder feeder mixes particles of spray powder with unheated highpressure air and supplies the mixture to a supplemental inlet of thekinetic spray nozzle 34. A computer control 35 operates to control thepressure of air supplied to the air tank 32 and the temperature of highpressure air supplied to the spray nozzle 34.

FIG. 2 of the drawings schematically illustrates the kinetic spraynozzle 34 and its connection to the air heater 32 via a main air passage36. Passage 36 connects with a premix chamber 38 which directs airthrough a flow straightener 40 into a mixing chamber 42. Temperature andpressure of the air or other gas are monitored by a gas inlettemperature thermocouple 44 connected with the main air passage 36 and apressure sensor 46 connected with the mixing chamber 42.

The mixture of unheated high pressure air and coating powder is fedthrough a supplemental inlet line 48 to a powder feeder injection tube50 which comprises a straight pipe having a predetermined innerdiameter. The pipe 50 has an axis 52 which is preferably also the axisof the premix chamber 38. The injection tube extends from an outer endof the premix chamber along its axis and through the flow straightener40 into the mixing chamber 42.

Mixing chamber 42, in turn, communicates with a de Laval type nozzle 54that includes an entrance cone 56 with a diameter which decreases from7.5 mm to a throat 58 having a diameter of 2.8 mm. Downstream of thethroat 58, the nozzle has a rectangular cross section increasing to 2 mmby 10 mm at the exit end 60.

In its original form, as reported in the previously mentioned VanSteenkiste et al. article, the injection tube 50 was formed with aninner diameter of 2.45 mm while the corresponding diameter of the mainair passage 36 was 10 mm. The diameter ratio of the main air passage tothe injector tube was accordingly 4/1 while the cross-sectional arearatio was about 17/1. This system was modeled fundamentally after theprior Alkhimov et al. apparatus shown in FIG. 5 of his patent whereinthe comparable cross-sectional area ratio was reported as 5-15/1.Possibly because Alkhimov's apparatus used lower gas pressures andtemperatures, the calculated speed or Mach number of the gas at the exitof the nozzle was varied from about 1.5 to 2.6 whereas tests of theabove described apparatus with the 2.45 mm injector tube were conductedat a Mach number of about 2.65.

Some general characteristics of the original and improved spray systemswere as follows:

Nozzle Mach No. 2.65 Gas pressure 20 atmospheres Gas temperature300-1200° F. Working gas Air Gas flow rate 18 g/s Powder flow 1.12 g/sParticle size 1-50 μm (microns)

Comparative tests were run with the original system to establish thecapabilities of the system using metal powders with various ranges ofparticle sizes. Materials tested included aluminum, copper and iron. Thecharacteristics of the original system as used in these tests were asfollows:

Main inlet duct dia. 10 mm Injection tube dia. 2.45 mm Diameter ratio4/1 Area ratio 17/1

Table 1 tabulates data from test runs using copper powder of variousranges of particle sizes applied to a brass substrate.

TABLE 1 Run No. 1 2 3 4 Powder rate-g/m 94.93 133.92 72.5 70.28 Coatingweight-g 44.9 51.4 NA NA Deposit efficiency 23.65% 19.19% NA NA Powdersize-μm <45 <45 63-106 45-63 Heated Air temp 900 F. 900 F. 900 F. 900 F.Feeder rpm 500 500 500 500

These tests showed that with the system, as originally developedaccording to the earlier work of Alkhimov et al and discussed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,302,414 and the Van Steenkiste et al. article, kineticcoatings were able to be applied with coating powders having particlesizes smaller than 45 microns, as in test runs 1 and 2. However, whenpowder particle sizes were made larger than 45 microns as in test runs 3(63-106 microns) and 4 (45-63 microns), these larger particles did notadhere to the substrate so that coatings were unable to be formed bythis process.

It was reasoned that each particle must reach a threshold velocity rangein order to be sufficiently deformed by impact on the substrate to giveup all of its momentum energy in plastic deformation and thus adhere tothe substrate instead of bouncing off. Smaller particles may be moreeasily accelerated by the heated main gas flow and are thereby able toreach the threshold velocity range and adhere to form a coating. Largerparticles may not reach this velocity and thus fail to sufficientlydeform and, instead, bounce off of the substrate. Recognizing that thespeed of air able to be reached in the sonic nozzle increases as thesquare root of the air temperature, it was then reasoned that the airvelocity might be increased by reducing the flow of unheated powderfeeder air relative to the heated main air flow that accelerates theparticles of powder in the nozzle. The resulting temperature of themixed air flow through the nozzle should then be greater and providehigher air velocities to accelerate the larger particles to thethreshold velocity. To test this thesis, the original powder feeder tubeof 2.45 mm was replaced by a new smaller tube of 0.89 mm diameter. Thecharacteristics of this modified system as formed in accordance with theinvention are as follows:

Main inlet duct dia. 10 mm Injection tube dia. 0.89 mm Diameter ratio11/1 Area ratio 126/1

Comparative tests were then run with the new system in which powdercoatings were successfully applied using the kinetic coating processwith copper, aluminum and iron powder particles up to 106 microns. Table2 tabulates exemplary data from test runs using copper powders ofvarious ranges of particle sizes applied to a brass substrate.

TABLE 2 Run No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Powder rate-g/m 22 52.39 50.7751.58 a 54.85 51.58 avg 35.85 avg 25.66 38.1 41.5 Coating weight-g 15.166.7 69.6 8.2 42 59.5 67.3 60.9 53.6 58.7 Deposit efficiency 45.75%25.46% 27.42% 21.2% 38.28% 28.84% 75.1% 59.32% 70.34% 70.75% Powdersize-μm <45 <45 <45 <45 <45 <45 63-106 63-106 45-63 63-106 Heated Airtemp 900 F. 900 F. 900 F. 900 F. 900 F. 900 F. 900 F. 900 F. 900 F. 900F. Feeder rpm 250 500 500 500 500 500 500 250 500 500

These data show that by reducing the diameter of the powder feeder tube,the modified apparatus and system was able to produce kinetic coatingswith coating powder particles of a greatly increased size up to at least106 microns instead of being limited to less than 50 microns as was theprevious apparatus. This improvement is highly advantageous since thelarger sizes of coating powders are apparently both more efficient incoating application but also are safer to use. Coatings formed with thelarger particles also may have a lower oxide content due to the lowersurface to volume ratios of the large particles.

In further testing of the invention, the sonic nozzle apparatus of thesystem was further modified by substituting a still smaller powderinjection tube having an inner diameter of only 0.508 mm. With thismodification, the diameter ratio is increased to 20/1 and the area ratioto 388/1. Testing of this embodiment also showed the capability offorming coatings with coating powder particles up to 106 microns.However, some difficulty was encountered in maintaining the flow of thelarger powder particles through the smaller diameter feeder tube. Theindication is that the minimum diameter of the powder feeder tube islimited only by the ability of the system to carry coating particlestherethrough and not by any limitation of the ability to coat theparticles onto a substrate.

The testing of the improved apparatus and system of the invention hasdemonstrated the capability to form kinetic coatings of powder particlessized in a range between 50 and 106 microns (μm) whereas the previouslydeveloped systems were admittedly limited to use with powder particlesof less than 50 microns. While testing of the improved apparatus andmethod have been limited to a relatively few coating powders andsubstrates, the extensive testing of the prior art apparatus and methodwith a large range of coating powders and substrates, as indicated inpart in the previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,414 as well as inother published information, leaves little doubt that the apparatus ofthis invention will work equally well with these same materials andothers comparable thereto. The invention as claimed is accordinglyintended to cover the use of all such materials which the language ofthe claims may be reasonably understood to include:

While the invention has been described by reference to various specificembodiments, it should be understood that numerous changes may be madewithin the spirit and scope of the inventive concepts described.Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to thedescribed embodiments, but that it have the full scope defined by thelanguage of the following claims.

PARTS LIST

10. kinetic spray system

12. enclosure

14. support table

16. mounting panel

18. work holder

20. air outlet

22. exhaust conduit

24. air compressor

26. air ballast tank

28. line

30. powder feeder

32. air heater

34. kinetic spray nozzle

35. computer control

36. main air passage

38. premix chamber

40. flow straightener

42. mixing chamber

44. thermocouple

46. pressure sensor

48. inlet line

50. injection tube

52. axis

54. nozzle

56. entrance cone

58. throat

60. exit end

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100.

What is claimed is:
 1. Apparatus for kinetic coating of particles to ansubstrate, the apparatus comprising: a nozzle body including a mixingchamber upstream of a supersonic nozzle; A main air flow passageconnecting the mixing chamber with a source of high pressure air; aninjector tube extending into the mixing chamber in axial alignment withsaid nozzle, said main air flow passage and said injector tube having across-sectional area ratio of at least 80/1; connecting means connectingthe injector tube with a source of coating particles entrained in highpressure air for mixing with air flow in the main air passage; saidnozzle being configured to accelerate the flow of air mixed with coatingparticles to a supersonic flow rate adequate to coat said particles ontoa substrate by impingement without melting of the particles in the airstream.
 2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said area ratio is about125/1.
 3. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said main air flow passage andsaid injector tube are each cylindrical and have a diameter ratio of atleast 9/1.
 4. Apparatus as in claim 3 wherein said diameter ratio is atleast 11/1.
 5. Apparatus as in claim 1 including an air flowstraightener upstream of the mixing chamber and defining a premixchamber connected to the main air flow passage upstream of the air flowstraightener.
 6. Apparatus as in claim 1 in combination with: an airheater communicating with said main air passage for heating the main airflow to increase its flow rate from said nozzle; a high pressure powderfeeder communicating with said injector tube for delivering airbornepowder thereto; and a source of pressurized air communicating with theair heater and the powder feeder and operable to provide air thereto ata pressure adequate to maintain a supersonic flow rate of the air andpowder mixture discharged from the nozzle.
 7. Apparatus as in claim 6and including control means operative to control air pressure to themain air passage and to the powder feeder and the air temperature to themain air flow passage to preset conditions during operation of theapparatus in coating of a substrate.